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curl 명령어
curl은 명령 줄 인터페이스를 통해 데이터를 전송하거나 받기 위해 사용되는 유명한 도구입니다. 주로 HTTP, HTTPS, FTP 등을 통해 데이터를 전송하는 데 사용됩니다. curl을 사용하여 웹 서버로 HTTP 요청을 보내거나 파일을 다운로드하고, API 엔드포인트에 데이터를 전송할 수 있습니다.
curl 패키지 설치
yum install -y curl
curl --version
$ curl --version
curl 7.29.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.29.0 NSS/3.53.1 zlib/1.2.7 libidn/1.28 libssh2/1.8.0
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp scp sftp smtp smtps telnet tftp
Features: AsynchDNS GSS-Negotiate IDN IPv6 Largefile NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz unix-sockets
curl의 일반적인 사용 예시입니다
- URL에 GET 요청 보내기
curl http://example.com
- HTTP POST 요청 보내기
curl -X POST -d "param1=value1¶m2=value2" http://example.com
- 파일 다운로드
curl -O http://example.com/file.zip
- HTTP 요청 헤더 설정
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://example.com/api
- 인증서를 사용하여 HTTPS 요청 보내기
curl --cert /path/to/cert.pem --key /path/to/key.pem https://example.com
curl 명령어에서 가장 자주 사용되는 일부 주요 옵션은 다음과 같습니다.
- -X, --request : HTTP 요청 메서드를 설정합니다.
- 예를 들어 -X GET, -X POST, -X PUT 등을 사용할 수 있습니다.
- -H, --header: HTTP 요청 헤더를 설정합니다. 여러 번 사용하여 여러 헤더를 추가할 수 있습니다.
- 예를 들어 -H "Content-Type: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer token"과 같이 사용합니다.
- -d, --data : POST 요청 시 전송할 데이터를 설정합니다. 데이터는 문자열 형태로 전달됩니다.
- 예를 들어 -d "param1=value1¶m2=value2"와 같이 사용합니다.
- -F, --form <name=content>: POST 요청 시 멀티파트(form-data) 형식으로 데이터를 전송합니다.
- 예를 들어 -F "file=@path/to/file"과 같이 사용합니다.
- -o, --output : 서버로부터 받은 응답을 파일로 저장합니다.
- -c, --cookie : 요청에 쿠키를 포함시킵니다.
- 예를 들어 -c "cookie1=value1; cookie2=value2"와 같이 사용합니다.
- -b, --cookie-jar : 서버로부터 받은 쿠키를 파일에 저장하고, 다음 요청 시 해당 파일에서 쿠키를 읽어 사용합니다.
- --user : 요청에 HTTP 인증 정보를 포함시킵니다.
- -s, --silent: 상세 출력을 숨기고, 오직 요청 결과만 표시합니다.
- -v, --verbose: 자세한 출력을 표시합니다. 요청 및 응답 헤더와 본문이 포함됩니다.
- -I, --head: HEAD 요청을 보냅니다. 응답 헤더만 표시됩니다.
- -L, --location: 서버가 리디렉션을 응답할 경우, 리디렉션을 따라갑니다.
이 외에도 많은 옵션이 존재하며, 자세한 내용은 curl 매뉴얼 페이지를 참조하시기 바랍니다. 명령 줄에서 curl --help를 실행하면 간단한 도움말을 볼 수도 있습니다.
curl help
더보기
자세한 설명은 curl --manual 명령어로 확인할 수 있다
$ curl --help
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)
-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)
--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
-K, --config FILE Specify which config file to read
--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection
-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer offset
-b, --cookie STRING/FILE String or file to read cookies from (H)
-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to this file after operation (H)
--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy
--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload
--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)
--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)
--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission
--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)
-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to this file
--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
--engine ENGINGE Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list
-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)
--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)
--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating (F)
--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE Set CCC mode (F)
--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)
-G, --get Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
-H, --header LINE Custom header to pass to server (H)
-I, --head Show document info only
-h, --help This help text
--hostpubmd5 MD5 Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
--ignore-content-length Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
-i, --include Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
-k, --insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
--interface INTERFACE Specify network interface/address to use
-4, --ipv4 Resolve name to IPv4 address
-6, --ipv6 Resolve name to IPv6 address
-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
--keepalive-time SECONDS Interval between keepalive probes
--key KEY Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
--key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
--krb LEVEL Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)
--libcurl FILE Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
--limit-rate RATE Limit transfer speed to this rate
-l, --list-only List only names of an FTP directory (F)
--local-port RANGE Force use of these local port numbers
-L, --location Follow redirects (H)
--location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)
-M, --manual Display the full manual
--mail-from FROM Mail from this address
--mail-rcpt TO Mail to this receiver(s)
--mail-auth AUTH Originator address of the original email
--max-filesize BYTES Maximum file size to download (H/F)
--max-redirs NUM Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
-m, --max-time SECONDS Maximum time allowed for the transfer
--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file
--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)
-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password
--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
--netrc-file FILE Set up the netrc filename to use
-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream
--no-keepalive Disable keepalive use on the connection
--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
--noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy
--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
-o, --output FILE Write output to <file> instead of stdout
--pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar
--proto PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols
--proto-redir PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect
-x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port
--proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
-U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD] Proxy user and password
--proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT] Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
-p, --proxytunnel Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
--pubkey KEY Public key file name (SSH)
-Q, --quote CMD Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
--random-file FILE File for reading random data from (SSL)
-r, --range RANGE Retrieve only the bytes within a range
--raw Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)
-e, --referer Referer URL (H)
-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)
-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file
--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output
-X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use
--resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
--retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
--retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each
--retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period
-S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
-s, --silent Silent mode. Don't output anything
--socks4 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
--socks4a HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
--socks5 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
--socks5-basic Enable username/password auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi Enable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
--socks5-gssapi-service NAME SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi
--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
-Y, --speed-limit RATE Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs
-y, --speed-time SECONDS Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30
--ssl Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2 (SSL)
-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3 (SSL)
--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
--stderr FILE Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout
--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option
-t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL Set telnet option
--tftp-blksize VALUE Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
-z, --time-cond TIME Transfer based on a time condition
-1, --tlsv1 Use => TLSv1 (SSL)
--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
--tlsv1.3 Use TLSv1.3 (SSL)
--tls-max VERSION Use TLS up to VERSION (SSL)
--trace FILE Write a debug trace to the given file
--trace-ascii FILE Like --trace but without the hex output
--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
-T, --upload-file FILE Transfer FILE to destination
--url URL URL to work with
-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer
-u, --user USER[:PASSWORD] Server user and password
--tlsuser USER TLS username
--tlspassword STRING TLS password
--tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type (default SRP)
--unix-socket FILE Connect through this UNIX domain socket
-A, --user-agent STRING User-Agent to send to server (H)
-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative
-V, --version Show version number and quit
-w, --write-out FORMAT What to output after completion
--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes
-q If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc
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curl 명령어 사용 예시
헤더 확인
curl -I https://sangchul.kr
$ curl -I https://sangchul.kr
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 04 Jun 2021 02:42:52 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge
P3P: CP='ALL DSP COR MON LAW OUR LEG DEL'
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://sangchul.kr
리다이렉트
- -L, --location 리다이렉트
$ curl -I http://sangchul.kr
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-length: 0
Location: https://sangchul.kr/
$ curl -IL http://sangchul.kr
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-length: 0
Location: https://sangchul.kr/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 04 Jun 2021 03:05:56 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge
P3P: CP='ALL DSP COR MON LAW OUR LEG DEL'
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://sangchul.kr
파일 다운로드
- -O, --remote-name 원격 파일 이름으로 다운로드
- -o, --output FILE 파일명 변경하여 다운로드
curl https://sangchul.kr/2530E143584F59F936 -o output.txt
$ curl https://sangchul.kr/2530E143584F59F936 -o output.txt
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 1824 100 1824 0 0 10702 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 10729
resolve 설정
- --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS 강제로 호스트 설정
curl -SsL --resolve 'www.sangchul.kr:443:111.111.1111.111' https://www.sangchul.kr
TLS(SSL)
curl https://sangchul.kr -svo /dev/null --tlsv1
curl https://sangchul.kr -svo /dev/null --tlsv1.2
$ curl https://sangchul.kr -svo /dev/null --tlsv1.2
* About to connect() to sangchul.kr port 443 (#0)
* Trying 27.0.236.139...
* Connected to sangchul.kr (27.0.236.139) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
CApath: none
* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=sangchul.kr
* start date: 4월 24 18:33:39 2021 GMT
* expire date: 7월 23 18:33:39 2021 GMT
* common name: sangchul.kr
* issuer: CN=R3,O=Let's Encrypt,C=US
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: sangchul.kr
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Fri, 04 Jun 2021 02:52:32 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge
< P3P: CP='ALL DSP COR MON LAW OUR LEG DEL'
< Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://sangchul.kr
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
<
{ [data not shown]
* Connection #0 to host sangchul.kr left intact
slack 발송
curl -i -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"text": "Hello, this is some text\nThis is more text. :tada:"}' https://hooks.slack.com/services/T01/B01
$ curl -i -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"text": "Hello, this is some text\nThis is more text. :tada:"}' https://hooks.slack.com/services/T01/B01
HTTP/2 200
date: Fri, 04 Jun 2021 02:55:00 GMT
server: Apache
strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload
x-slack-backend: r
access-control-allow-origin: *
x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
referrer-policy: no-referrer
vary: Accept-Encoding
content-type: text/html
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 55
x-backend: main_normal main_canary_with_overflow main_control_with_overflow
x-server: slack-www-hhvm-main-iad-wyac
x-via: envoy-www-iad-kq54, haproxy-edge-nrt-zzcm
x-slack-shared-secret-outcome: shared-secret
via: envoy-www-iad-kq54
ok
Chrome에서 curl 명령어 확인하기
F12(DevTools) > Network > 개체(index.html) > Copy > Copy as cURL > 붙어넣기
curl 'https://sangchul.kr/' \
-H 'Connection: keep-alive' \
-H 'sec-ch-ua: " Not;A Brand";v="99", "Google Chrome";v="91", "Chromium";v="91"' \
-H 'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0' \
-H 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' \
-H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36' \
-H 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Site: none' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-User: ?1' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Dest: document' \
-H 'Accept-Language: ko-KR,ko;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7' \
-H 'Cookie: __T_=1; adfit_sdk_id=cfeaf19e-0c39-402c-8f5e-26a49a04fe61; __gads=ID=071f7a38d1d17aef-228fec2431c90003:T=1622765095:RT=1622765095:S=ALNI_MZmFnhhYOPX5yFsCzCm-Pbb-b0pYA; REACTION_GUEST=6ad13744c1184c1a7655c43b53fbabcca3ff91d7' \
--compressed
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